Papers with LLM-based multi-agent systems
RiskLab: A Controlled Toolkit for Probing Emergent Risks in LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems (2026.acl-demo)
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Yu Jiang, Wenjie Wang, Yue Huang, Yanbo Wang, Zhenhong Zhou, Xiuying Chen, Yang Liu, Pin-Yu Chen, Wei Wang, Xiangliang Zhang
| Challenge: | Recent advances in large language model (LLM) agents have accelerated deployment of multi-agent systems for complex tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose an open-source toolkit for instantiating, probing, and measuring emergent risks in LLM-based multi-agent systems under controlled conditions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed toolkit is based on a structured topology–environment–protocol–agent–task quintuple enabling reproducible studies of how communication structure, coordination mechanisms, and incentives shape system-level risks. |
Explicit Trait Inference for Multi-Agent Coordination (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large language model (LLM) based multi-agent systems (MAS) show promise on complex tasks but remain prone to failures of coordination, such as goal drift, error cascades, and misaligned behaviors. |
| Approach: | They propose a psychologically grounded method for improving coordination using Explicit Trait Inference (ETI) ETI enables agents to infer and track partner characteristics along two established psychological dimensions—warmth (e.g., trust) and competence (eg. skill) |
| Outcome: | The proposed method reduces payoff loss in controlled and realistic multi-agent settings by 45–77% and improves performance by 3–29% depending on scenario and model. |
MegaAgent: A Large-Scale Autonomous LLM-based Multi-Agent System Without Predefined SOPs (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing multi-agent systems lack agent coordination and rely on predefined procedures . existing systems lack adaptive task coordination when task is big and complex . |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale autonomous LLM-based multi-agent system that generates agents based on task complexity and enables dynamic task decomposition, parallel execution, efficient communication and comprehensive system monitoring. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system outperforms existing systems in task completion efficiency and scalability. |
Taming "Zombie" Agents: A Markov State-Aware Framework for Resilient Multi-Agent Evolution (2026.acl-long)
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Taolin Zhang, Pukun Zhao, Qizhou Chen, Jiuheng Wan, Chen Chen, Xiaofeng He, Chengyu Wang, Richang Hong
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to improve efficiency of multi-agent systems rely on aggressive graph topology evolution . however, such hard pruning overlooks the potential for "zombie" agents to recover and contribute in subsequent discussion rounds. |
| Approach: | They propose a Markov state-aware framework for resilient multi-agent evolution that manages agent collaboration through soft state transitions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines and significantly reduces token consumption through state-aware agent scheduling. |
MultiAgentBench : Evaluating the Collaboration and Competition of LLM agents (2025.acl-long)
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Kunlun Zhu, Hongyi Du, Zhaochen Hong, Xiaocheng Yang, Shuyi Guo, Zhe Wang, Zhenhailong Wang, Cheng Qian, Robert Tang, Heng Ji, Jiaxuan You
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities as autonomous agents, yet existing benchmarks focus on single-agent tasks or are confined to narrow domains, failing to capture the dynamics of multi-agent coordination and competition. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate LLM-based multi-agent systems across diverse, interactive scenarios. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework measures task completion and quality of collaboration and competition using novel, milestone-based key performance indicators. |
CondenseFlow: Scalable Latent Space Collaboration via Semantic Compression for Multi-Agent Systems (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Full-state latent communication in LLMs suffers from memory overhead scaling linearly with collaboration rounds. |
| Approach: | They propose a lightweight module that uses learnable semantic probes to compress KV caches into fixed-size representations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed module reduces KV cache memory by over 99% and inference latency by approximately 20% on seven benchmarks spanning six models . it outperforms text-based methods by 1.7 percentage points on average across all configurations while outperforming existing methods by 1.7%. |
Planning with Multi-Constraints via Collaborative Language Agents (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent advances in neural language models have sparked a new surge of intelligent agent research. |
| Approach: | They propose a method for collaborative LLM-based multi-agent systems that simplifies complex task planning with constraints by decomposing it into a hierarchy of subordinate tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves an average success rate of 42.68% on two constraint-intensive benchmarks, TravelPlanner and API-Bank. |
Seeing the Whole Elephant: A Benchmark for Failure Attribution in LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks rely on partially observable traces that capture only agent outputs . lack of full execution traces obscures many failure causes, authors argue . |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that allows attribution under full execution observability . they find full traces improve attribution accuracy by up to 76.5% over a partial-observation counterpart . |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark improves attribution accuracy by up to 76.5% over a partial-observation counterpart. |
When 20 Agents Fail to Sort: The Distributed Sorting Benchmark for Scalable Multi-Agent Systems (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | MAS-BENCH isolates coordination under explicit communication constraints . CAMOC significantly improves coordination success and efficiency across backends . |
| Approach: | They propose a distributed-sorting benchmark that isolates coordination under explicit communication constraints. |
| Outcome: | MAS-BENCH improves coordination success and efficiency across backends . CAMOC significantly improves efficiency under shared-state interaction . |
BlindGuard: Safeguarding LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems under Unknown Attacks (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing supervised defense methods rely on labeled malicious agents to train a supervised model of malicious behavior. |
| Approach: | They propose an unsupervised defense method that learns without requiring any attack-specific labels or prior knowledge of malicious behaviors. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method detects diverse attack types across MAS with various communication patterns while maintaining superior generalizability compared to baselines. |